i:^ 



SH 

151 

H35 

1883 

FISH 



ISSUED BY AUTHORITY 



l^XVISiUN OF FISHES 
ORITY / 




PAPERS OF THE CONFERENCES 

Held in coiuiedion witli 




FOREST PROTECTION 



AND 



TREE CULTURE ON WATER FRONTAGES 



BY 



D. HOWITZ, Esq. 

FOREST CONSERVATOR, COMMISSIONER FOR DENMARK 




LONDON 
WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limited 

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION 
AND 13 CHARING CROSS, S.W, 

PRICE SIXPENCE 




PAPERS OF THE CONFERENCES 

Held in connection witii the GREAT If^TERNATIONAL 

FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 



NOW READY. 

Demy 8vo., in Illustrated Wrapper. Price Sixpence each. 
INAUGtrRAL MEETING: ADDRESS. By Professor Huxley, P.R.S. 

H.R H. the Prince of Wales (President of the Commission) in the Chair. 

NOTES ON THE SEA FISHERIES AND FISHING POPULATION 

OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. By H.R. H the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G. is. 

THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. By Pro- 
fessor Brown Goode, M.A. 

OYSTER CULTURE AND OYSTER FISHERIES IN THE NETHER- 
LANDS. By Professor Hubrkcht. 

PRINCIPLES OF FISHERY LEGISLATION, By Right Hon. G. Shaw- 
Lefevre, M.P. 

ON THE CULTURE OF SALMONIDAE AND THE ACCLIMA- 
TISATION OF FISH. By Sir James Ramsay Gibson Maitland, Bart. 

FISH DISEASES. By Professor Huxley, P.R.S. 

THE ECONOMIC CONDITION OF FISHERMEN. By Professor Leoiwc 
Levi. 

THE FISHERIES OF CANADA. By L. Z. Toncas. 

PRESERVAriON OF FISH LIFE IN RIVERS BY THE EXCLU- 
SION OF TOWN SEWAGE. By the Hon. W. F. B. Massey MAiNWARiNf;. 

MOLLUSCS, MUSSELS, WHELKS, &c., USED FOR FOOD OR BAIT- 

By Charles Harding. 

COARSE FISH CULTURE. By R. B. Marston. 

ON THE FOOD OF FISHES. By Dr. F. Day. 

THE HERRING FISHERIES OF SCOTLAND. By R. W. Duff, M.P. 

LINE FISHING. By C. M. Mundahl. 

FISH TRANSPORT AND FISH MARE::ETS. By His Excellency Spencer 

Walpole. 
FOREST PROTECTION AND TREE CULTURE ON WATER 

FRONTAGES. By D. Howitz, Esq. 
SEAL FISHERIES. By Captain Temple. 
FISH AS FOOD. By Sir Henry Thompson. 
STORM WARNINGS. By R. H. Scott. 
ON THE DESTRUCTION OP FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC 

ANIMALS BY INTERNAL PARASITES. By Professor Cobbold, F.R.S., F.L.S. 
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXHIBITION. By Professor E. Rav 

Lankester. 
A NATIONAL FISHERY SOCIETY FOR GREAT BRITAIN. By 

C. E. Fryer. 

CRUSTACEANS. By T. Cornish, 

IN THE PRESS. 
SALMON AND SALMON FISHERIES. By David Milne Home, F.R.S.E. 
PILCHARD AND MACKEREL FISHERIES. By T. Cornish. 
FRESH- WATER FISHING (other than Salmon). By J. P. Wheeldon. 
AJlTIFICTATi CULTURE OF LOBSTERS. By W. Savillf. Kent. 
THE BASIS FOR LEGISLATION ON FISHERY QUESTIONS. By 

Lieut.-Col. F. G. Sola. 

TRAWLING. By Alfred Ansell. 

ON FACILITIES FOR THE IMPROVED CAPTURE AND ECO- 
NOMIC TRANSMISSION OF SEA FISHES, AND HOW THESE MATTERS AFFECT 
IRISH FISHERIES. By R. F. Walsh, of Kinsale. 

THE FISHERIES OF IRELAND. By J. C. Bloomfield, 

THE FISHERIES OF OTHER COUNTRIES. By Commissioners for 
Sweden, Norway, Spain, &c., who took part in the Conference. 



I 



LONDON : WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, Limited, 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, & 13, CHARING CROSS. 



i __, ...... .„, 

\Jf)L 

^ LONDON, 1883 

in^ 

FISH 

FOREST PROTECTION 



AND 



TREE CULTURE ON WATER FRONTAGES 



WITH THE VIEW OF 



PROVIDING A CONSTANT AND STEADY SUPPLY 

OT WATER, FOOD, SHADE, AND SHELTER, 

FOR FRESHWATER FISH 



BY 



D. HOWITZ, Esq. 

FOREST CONSERVATOR, COMMISSIONER FOR DENMARK 






' '• ' ' I 

LONDON 
WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limited 

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION 
AND 13 CHARINCx CROSS, S.W. 

1883 



International Fislie^^ies Rxliibition. 

LONDON, 1883. 



Conference on Wednesday, July 18, 1883. 



His Excellency M. De Falbe took the chair, when the 
following paper was read by Mr. HowiTZ on 

FOREST PROTECTION AND TREE CUL- 
TURE ON WATER FRONTAGES, 
WITH THE VIEW OF PROVIDING A 
CONSTANT AND STEADY SUPPLY 
OF WATER, FOOD, SHADE, AND 
SHELTER FOR FRESHWATER FISH. 

The questions of piscicultvu-e, its protection, and the pro- 
tection of fisheries have been already discussed by so many 
able and learned gentlemen, that I should not have ven- 
tured to come forward if there had not presented itself to 
my mind a question in which I, as a professional forester, 
have a great interest, and one which I feel is of much 
importance to the success of pisciculture and to all fresh- 
water fishing. 

The value of the question which I have the honour to bring 
before you may not at first appear so great as it really is, 
but, while endeavouring to enlist your sympathies, I do so in 
the sincere hope that by the introduction of it at this 
Conference it may become a question of interest to all and 
a special subject for future legislation. It is the question 
of the protection, proper management, and cultivation of 

[20] B 2 



forests and forest trees in localities where are found the 
sources of creeks, rivers, and the supply of water to lakes 
and other fresh waters. 

For Great Britain this question has its greatest signifi- 
cance with regard to future forest culture on barren heights 
and the cultivation of shade and shelter trees along water- 
courses. The greatest part of the forest land with which our 
question has to deal is in the possession of large land- 
owners, but as far as I can ascertain there are no laws in 
existence giving a guarantee for the preservation and 
proper management of these forests. Far more importance 
has this question for the British Colonies, America, and 
several other countries, where either the State, a number 
of persons, and in some cases nobody, owns the land in 
question. 

That the forests regulate the flow of the water in water- 
courses, and ensure a steady supply during dry seasons, 
while they prevent sudden and disastrous floods, is a fact 
so often discussed and proved, that I need only refer to 
it here. 

That the forests also increase the rainfall has often been 
disputed, and this question has of late years received con- 
siderable attention, particularly in France, but there is still 
a great deal of uncertainty about the exact extent of the 
effect of a forest on the rainfall, and it is only by very minute 
observations of forests, consisting of the same species of 
trees in various altitudes, that series of trustworthy results 
can be attained. Still there is no longer any doubt as 
to the effect of the forest in conserving the water that falls, 
or that the humidity of the air above a forest is considerably 
larger than that of the air of the open country. Experiments 
in the South of France showed that the rainfall in a forest as 
compared with that in the open country was in the proper- 



5 

tion of lOO to 92*5, while the evaporation in the forest was 
only one-third of the evaporation in the open. The result 
of this is that the actual water received and retained from 
the atmosphere is nearly fifty per cent, greater in a forest 
than that received and retained by the plains. Numerous 
observations have also established the fact that the forests, 
as ready conductors of electricity, influence the current of 
vapours, and that their action is felt far above the actual 
height of the trees. Also that they condense the clouds 
into rain by lowering the temperature, and act as bul- 
warks against the severity of storms ; all this we know by 
daily experience and observation. That want of forest 
protection may have most fearful results has been so often 
and sadly proved, and I need only remind you of the 
disasters caused by great floods and long droughts in Spain, 
South of France, Sicily, Chili, Peru, Mauritius, and many 
other places, and you will grant the importance of the 
question. In the Murcia valley the river was reduced to 
a succession of stagnant pools, which during the summer 
heat developed malaria, fever, and miasmatic exhala- 
tions, detrimental to life and health, and furnishing but 
scant and bad accommodation for the few remaining fish. 
But as soon as the winter rains came, the river, in fact 
nearly all the valley, became a raging torrent, destroy- 
ing life and property, and all because the forests on the 
ranges and mountains had been devastated, no legal 
restrictions protecting them. As a question of national 
economy, as a question of protection to life and property, 
and as a question of prosperity, forest protection has 
therefore the greatest claim to the attention of the Legis- 
lature. But to us as a means of yielding a constant supply 
of water, food, and shelter for the fishes, it has also great 
significance. The forest, with its numberless roots and 



decaying vegetation, retains the rain water and prevents it 
from rushing to the rivers and the sea, while it gives it off 
to these slowly and steadily. It acts like a great sieve and 
retains the fine particles of the soil, which the influence of 
the air and sun, the frost and rain, and the action of the 
numberless roots have decomposed, thereby fertilising the 
land and forming a layer of mould or humus, in which insects, 
worms, larvae, and other animalcules live and breed. 

In his most interesting paper on fish diseases, Prof. 
Huxley said that drought or flood did not seem to affect 
the Saprolegnea, but that a steady flow was beneficial to 
the fish. 

Mr, Wilmot, in the following discussion, pointed out that 
the disease nearly always appeared where the regularity of 
the supply of water had been disturbed by the destruction 
of the forests. 

I presume, therefore, that both these learned and prac- 
tical gentlemen will agree with me in the importance of 
the forest protection as a means of preserving the health of 
the fishes. 

The branchlets, leaves, decaying and decayed vegetation, 
produce a vast amount of nourishment for the fish, and one 
most agreeable to them. Each breeze drops into the 
water numberless grubs, caterpillars, beetles, flies, and 
other insects, the food most relished by the fishes, while from 
the banks and roots worms and grubs are constantly sup- 
plying them with delicacies. 

The shade of the overhanging trees is also agreeable to 
the fish, and one needs only place a board in a stream and 
see the fish gather underneath it to be convinced of this. 
We all know that a shady deep pool is a good place in 
which to seek for fish, and have often observed the predilec- 
tion fish have for the shady side of a stream. But not 



7 

only as regards freshwater fishing can this be said. In 
Denmark it is a well-known fact that the best fishing is 
where a forest is close to the shore, and in particular where 
the trees, as is often the case in that country, overhang the 
very sea. The shadowing trees have another and, perhaps, 
the far more important effect of preventing a large evapora- 
tion, and at the same time keeping the water clear and cool 
in summer, while on the same account the winter frosts do 
not deal so severely with them. In all forest country the 
changes of temperature are not so severely felt as in a 
treeless country or on the open plains, and the effect upon 
the water is even greater. It is a popular saying in 
Denmark of the forest streams, that they are cool in the 
summer and warm in the winter, this, of course, meaning 
that they present that feeling in comparison to the atmos- 
phere. The forests not only regulate the flow of the water, 
but they purify the water. This is an experience often 
demonstrated in Australia in cases where streams have 
been polluted by wool-washing establishments. After 
having passed a few miles through a shady and dense 
forest the water will appear as clear and pure as it was 
above the woolwash. 

I need not here enter upon more reasons for the con- 
servation of existing forests to ensure a steady supply or to 
draw your attention to the danger in not protecting them 
by legislation. But I will draw your attention to the ad- 
visability of cultivating forests on places suitable for the 
supply of water, and especially along watercourses and 
lakes as means of purifying these, preventing too great 
evaporation, supplying food for fish, and providing these 
with shade against the rays of the summer sun, and shelter 
from the pelting rains, the hail and the tempests. 

Salmon fishing and all freshwater fishing depend upon 



8 

proper attention to this matter, and I feel certain that if the 
true causes were properly investigated where fish were said 
to disap|3ear from a stream, in half the cases it would be 
found that the shade and shelter of the forests or protecting 
border trees had been taken away. It was said at the read- 
ing of Sir James Gibson Maitland's excellent paper on the 
" Salmonidae," that it was not enough to place spawn and 
fry in a water, they must be provided with proper food, 
and the best means to do this is to preserve the border 
trees and ensure a steady supply of water and food by pre- 
serving the forests from whence the supply of water is 
derived. But, as before remarked, it is not enough to 
preserve the present forest. New forest must be culti- 
vated on the barren ranges, and many a stream, now 
nearly empty during dry seasons, will be re-filled and 
soon teem with fish and food for the many. So far 
for the principle of the conservation of the forest. I 
will now briefly mention the most suitable trees and their 
culture. But before entering upon this, I must draw 
your attention to the important condition to be observed in 
the management of such forest areas, as are preserved for 
the sake of conservation of water. This condition is density. 
In the dense shade of a well-closed forest are developed all 
those atmospheric conditions on which depend the greatest 
effects of the forest in regard to climate and water con- 
servation. The so-called periodical thinning out in these 
areas should be carried on with the greatest care, and might 
with advantage be nearly dispensed with, if the economy of 
the management would permit it. The result would be, 
besides the effect upon the water conservation, that tall 
straight trees would be reared, yielding timber most valu- 
able for all practical purposes. Nature itself would do the 
thinning out, and do it in a better way than we could hope 



to do, while the ground would be kept moist and in a state 
favourable to the decomposition of vegetable matter. It 
is desirable therefore to frame regulations regarding such 
forests, deciding the minimum to be preserved of the 
number of trees per acre, due regard being of course paid 
to age, species, altitude, and locality. For these reasons 
it is highly important that all such forests, whether private 
property, commons, or belonging to the State, shoiUd be 
placed under the control of the State. 

The different trees have naturally a different effect as 
regards conservation of water and production of food and 
shelter for fish, as I will here briefly point out. To simplify 
matters we may divide all forest trees into two large groups, 
the deciduous and the evergreen trees. The deciduous 
trees, of which, as far as Great Britain is concerned, the oak, 
elm, beech, plane, larch, willow, and poplar are the most 
prominent, have a decided advantage over the evergreens. 
I need not here enlarge upon the fact that the full 
shady foliage during the summer is far more effective in 
preventing a large evaporation, and that the branches of 
the trees of this group are more spreading than those of the 
other. The energy of life seems to be far greater in these 
trees towards effecting our objects, and for direct border 
trees to a watercourse they are undoubtedly the best suited. 
The great amount of foliage and branchlets yearly thrown 
by these trees forms a very prominent factor in the economy 
of nature, and their decaying vegetation is full of teeming 
life and food for fish. 

That this group is eminently suited for water conserva- 
tion, was illustrated in a forest in Denmark, where an area 
of firs and pines was cultivated with beech and oak. After 
a lapse of about fifteen years a millstream, which during 
the time of the evergreen trees had dwindled down con- 



lO 

siderably, assumed such proportions that the irrigation of 
a considerable area was effected by it, besides supplying 
the mill with abundance of water. As regards the ever- 
green trees, the first cultivation of barren ranges or high 
plateaus might advantageously be undertaken with these 
on account of their ability to resist the severity of the 
climate in those exposed localities, and to grow on stony 
and poor soil. But even on rocky ground and in high 
altitudes the larches, birches, and other deciduous trees 
will often do well and serve better for the end which we 
have in view, the water storage and the pisciculture. 

In such localities, where only the most hardy trees can 
be reared, it would be practical to cultivate along the 
watercourses, in the valleys and ravines, or any lower 
ground, a few rows of deciduous trees as soon as the other 
trees had attained sufficient height to protect them from 
the storms and the frosts. Several objects may be gained 
by doing so. First, the shade, shelter, and other beneficial 
effects for the fishes ; secondly, that more valuable timber 
could be reared, as these trees have, as a rule, a greater 
preference for damp and moist localities than the ever- 
greens ; and, thirdly, because the deciduous trees permit 
more freely a luxuriant undergrowth of shrubs and annuals. 
All freshwater fishermen will agree with me in the advan- 
tage of having a good growth of annuals as watercresses, 
nettles, &c., near the bank, and have observed that during 
feeding time the fish always seek such places. There 
is a vast variety of shrubs and annuals, that might easily 
and with great advantage be introduced and grown on 
the river banks, but it would be outside the bounds of 
this paper to enter fully on the theme. However, I may 
only mention that many fodder plants and grasses from 
other countries might be a source of wealth to the popu- 



1 1 

lation, and greatly benefit the fish as well as the owners 
of the land, if cultivated on the banks. The Prickly Com- 
frey, e.g. {Syniphytuiit asperrinmvi), which yields such a 
splendid forage by its abundant foliage, and many others, 
are easily reared both from seed and cuttings, and should 
do well in the low lands, while on the sandy beaches, near 
the outlet of rivers and creeks, the cabbage radish {Pringlea 
antiscorbuticd) would cover these barren and desolate places 
with vegetation, and furnish an object of merchandise by 
packing them for the use of fishermen and sailors in the 
Arctic regions. The plant when cooked is a good sub- 
stitute for cabbage, and has a most wholesome effect on 
persons suffering from scorbutica. 

By a judicious forest management, which I will not 
enter upon here, the land can be kept covered constantly, 
and always in a state favourable to the purpose of storing 
the water. That many of the evergreen trees may be of 
great importance, and particularly where they are better 
suited to clime and soil, I will not deny. The Australian 
eucalypts, which have such a beneficial effect on the health 
of man, may also serve well for pisciculture, but as far as 
I know, no experience is yet at hand with regard to this. 
Still I doubt if these trees might not do more harm than 
good by being planted on watercourses, on account of their 
great drying properties. In warmer countries, the place for 
these trees is where stagnant waters during summer are 
breeding places for fever and ague. The cultivation of the 
borders of watercourses has also a great significance to us, 
and it is here that the deciduous trees must be mainly 
utilised. The belt need not be very broad, say half a chain 
wide, and planted with good-sized plants at the rate of 
from 800 to 2000 per acre, according to their age. Even 
a double row of trees would be a benefit, but it is important 



12 

that both sides of the stream should be planted instead 
of cidtivating twice the distance on one side. This being 
done with the object of providing a perfect shelter in some 
place, and valuable observations may be obtained by doing 
so. A great many American and other foreign trees might 
well be introduced, as, for example, the Swamp Cypress 
{Taxodmvi disticJmm), a great tree yielding a finely-grained 
timber, hard and durable, and the Leverwood tree {Ostrya 
Virginica), which besides excellent timber furnishes a 
relished forage from its rich foliage ; these, and a great 
many more, might have a good effect on the river fishing 
besides other advantages. But it is particularly the willows 
to which our attention should be drawn. The preference 
which these trees have for water, and particularly for run- 
ning water, is well known, and points directly to the prac- 
ticability of placing them in those localities so well suited 
for them. The fish like willows, and I have often times in 
Australia seen the best fishing places close to where some 
weeping willows {Salix Babylonicd) had taken the place of 
the indigenous and even more shady wattles {acacias). 

The yearly consumption of osiers in England is far 
greater than the national supply, and as the basket in- 
dustry is constantly on the increase, it would also on this 
account be advisable to further the cultivation of the osier 
willows. For light, sandy banks, the best willow should be 
Salix Purpurea, and, as it is so easily propagated, it will 
well repay the cost of cultivation, besides binding the 
banks, making them firm, and adding to the health of the 
locality as well as that of the water. For more clayey 
soil, 5. viminalis and the now celebrated .S". capraa, so 
much sought for powder factories, should be the best. 
The cuttings must be taken from the one to two year old 
shoots, and be put i to i^ foot apart, in double or treble 



13 

rows 2 to 3 feet apart, care being taken to leave only ^ inch 
or less above ground. 

There are many localities where comparatively valueless 
land, close to the mouths of rivers and canals, might be 
made highly profitable, at the same time as the cultivation 
of it with the before-mentioned trees and plants would 
improve the state of the fishing, and, before placing spawn 
and fish in any water, I consider it important to pay great 
attention to this question. Where few or no trees exist 
it will be necessary to cultivate them, and I feel certain 
that such proceeding will enhance the chances of the 
success of pisciculture. I will not here enter further upon 
the practical details of the question. These are bound to 
vary with the locality, and the local foresters will know 
how to deal with them. 

In drawing the attention of the Conference to this ques- 
tion, it is with the sincere hope that it may enlist your 
sympathy, and that the public opinion may be won for it. 
That it is important for all freshwater fishing is evident. 
That is one more reason added to the many why we should 
regard the forest as a precious heirloom to be deeply 
revered, properly used, and, through careful maintenance, 
descend improved and enriched to posterity. 

DISCUSSION. 

Professor BROWN GOODE moved a vote of thanks to 
the Danish Commissioner for the Paper. He had already 
that day, in speaking on Professor Lankester's paper, 
called attention to the fact that one of the most important 
results of the Exhibition was its scientific results, important 
among which are the Conference Papers which have been 
read. This was confirmed by the present paper, which 



14 

touched on an entirely new question. Hitherto the litera- 
ture of fish culture had contained no allusion to forest 
culture : at the same time it was a subject of great 
importance, and every fish culturist would see the bearing 
of it at once. Mr. Howitz had pointed out this fact, 
and had given them the benefit of his practical experi- 
ence as a forester in Australia, and while engaged by the 
French Government in the forest service in Algiers. He 
considered that this paper would be received with great 
interest by his own countrymen, because in the United 
States, more than in any part of Europe, had the destruc- 
tion of forests taken place. Many streams which formerly 
had a steady flow of water were now dried up in summer, 
and torrents in winter, while many kinds of fish which once 
teemed in them were now almost extinct. 

Major Sewell-Gana seconded the motion, which was 
carried unanimously. 

The Marquis of Hamilton proposed a vote of thanks 
to his Excellency the Danish Minister for so kindly pre- 
siding over the meeting. He regretted the attendance had 
been somewhat small, but it must be a matter for congratu- 
lation to Mr. Howitz that his paper had been so thoroughly 
appreciated by the United States Commissioner. It was 
also a matter for congratulation to think that a gentleman 
of Danish nationality should be so kind as to come and 
preside on the present occasion, and that another Danish 
gentleman should be so good as to read this important 
paper, especially remembering that both were of the same 
race as the noble lady who was so much beloved in Eng- 
land — the Princess of Wales. His Excellency had taken 
great interest in the Exhibition from its commencement 
and it was owing to him and to Mr. Howitz that the 
Danish Court had been so amply filled. 



15 

Mr. WiLMOT seconded the resolution. There was no 
doubt that this paper was of a novel character as connected 
with fish culture, for he was quite aware that it had not 
been discussed before in any public manner, but he might 
be pardoned for mentioning that on two or three occasions 
on sending reports to the Government of Canada he had 
expressed his views that the clearing of the forests had 
been one of the principal causes of the destruction of 
salmon in the Province of Ontario. He could speak from 
experience in the matter, on account of salmon being very 
numerous in a stream that ran through his property. 
Before the forests were cleared off, salmon and the better 
kinds of fishes were there in vast numbers, but as the 
trees were cleared off the water changed its temperature, 
it became less in quantity, and the consequence was they 
had lost all those valuable fish. He should not attribute 
it wholly to the want of trees, but that had been one of 
the principal agencies. Man, with his destructive engines, 
had of course aided by killing the parent fish when laying 
its eggs in those streams, but there was no doubt that 
the want of sufficient shade and coldness of the water for 
the fish to live and breed, was also an important element, 
because these higher breeds of fish were always found in 
cold waters. So important was it, that for the last two 
or three years he had set out a large number of trees 
round the pond where he was carrying on fish culture, 
and found it very beneficial, and he had often noticed the 
fish run underneath the shade of the trees on hot days, 
the temperature being lower there than out in the open 
stream. He had always contended that farming, forestry, 
and fish culture should go together, because one aided 
the other. Forestry aided agriculture, because if the whole 
forest was cut away the rainfall was interfered with, and 



i6 

agriculture was more or less affected. There were localities 
in Canada where forests had been wholly destroyed, where 
now they were unable to raise the same kind of grain as in 
former years ; therefore it was evident that the total clearing 
of forests was injurious to agriculture. He was very glad that 
this paper had been read, because it would now be spread 
abroad and carry authority with it, and would no doubt 
do a vast deal of good. In his opinion, forests were useful 
in filtering the water which passed into the stream. The 
trees themselves filtered it, and so did the leaves on the 
ground, and the water was more pure than when it fell 
direct on the soil and ran straight into the river. There 
was no need to interfere with cultivated land, but rows 
of trees might be planted by the side of streams, which 
would not affect farming operations, and would conduce 
to the growth of fish. There was no doubt that the 
greater amount of forests on the face of the earth the 
greater the rainfall. Last year the legislature of the 
province of Ontario passed an Act incorporating a forestry 
association, the object of which was to set out trees for the 
benefit of the country, and preventing the destruction of 
those around the fields and along the sides of the roads. 
The vote of thanks having been passed unanimously, 
The Chairman said he had had much pleasure in 
taking the Chair, and he begged to acknowledge the 
kindness with which he had been received, not only there, 
but on every occasion since he had come to England as 
Danish Ambassador. 



LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET 

AND CHARING CROSS. 



sicroformoc! by t)?-S JLi^t ^-^3 



OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS 

sonot 

— OP THR 

" INTERMTIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 

PUBUSHED BY 

. CLOWES d SONS, Limited, 73, Charing Cross, S.W. 

{And Sold at their Stalls near each Entrance to tht Exhibkion^ 



OFFICIAL GUIDE BOOKS, &g. 

LARGE PLAN and TOUR of the BUILDINGS, Id. ; 
post-free l^d. 

GUIDE to the EXHIBITION, 8d,; post-free 4d. 

PROGRAMME of MUSIC, &c., 2d. ; post-free 3d. 

OFFIGIAIi CATALOGUE, Second Edition, Is. ; post- 
free Is. 4d. 

CHEAP RECIPES for FISH COOKERY. Prepared 
by Mrs. CHARLES CLARKE. 3d. ; post-free 4d. 



THE FISHERIES PORTFOLIO: 

CONTAININO 

Ten Original EtcMngs of Scenes on tlie British Coast. 

TITLE. ARTIST. 

I.— Bait Gatherers .««.«* R. W. Macbeth, A.R.A. 

2.— Running Ashore .>*.;. Colin Hunter. 

3.— A Fisher Girl ....«» J. D. Watson. 

4.— Fishing Boats off Hastings , « David Law. 

5.— Going for Bait Otto Leyde, R-S.A. 

8. — Boat Building on the Yare . . C, J. Watts. 

7. — Preparing for Sea — Hastings « C. P. Slocombe. 

8.— Ramsgate Harbour J. P. Heseltine. 

9.— Fisherman's Haven J. MacWhirter, A.R.A. 

10.— Stranded— Rye. Wilfrid W. Ball. 

Price 1 5 J. the compkte set- 



Tx)NDON : WILLIAM CLOWES dr* SONS, Limited, 

VL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, & 13 CHARING CROSS. 



OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. 

The following Handbooks upon subjects cognate to the 
International Fisheries Exhibition are already published, 
or in active prepar; " sM'™^°^''^^''^®^'\Siim?nSiini 



Demy %vo., in Illush 




u. each. 



THE FISHERY L 3 9088 00723 4yB^ | Barrister-at- 
Law, M.A. (Oxon,), 'iyyji^i.. Jut^.iJ. t^am. ; Corpus Cliristi Professor of Juris- 
prudence in the University of Oxford. 

ZOOLOGY AND FOOD FISHES. By George B. Howes, 

Demonstrator of Biology, Normal School of Science, and Royal School of Mines, 
South Kensington. 

BRITISH MARINE AND FRESHWATER FISHES. 

{Illustrated) By W, Saville Kent, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Author of Official Guide- 
books to the Brighton, Manchester, and Westminster Aquaria. 

APPARATUS FOR FISHING. By E. W. H. Holdsworth, 
F.L.S., F.Z.S., Special Commissioner for Juries, International Fisheries 
Exhibition; Author of "Deep Sea Fisheries and Fishing Boats," "British 
Industries^ Sea Fisheries," &c. 

THE BRITISH FISH TRADE. By His Excellency Spencer 
Walpole, Lieut,- Governor of the Isle of Man. 

THE UNAPPRECIATED FISHER FOLK By James G. 
Bertram, Author of "The Harvest of the Sea." 

THE SALMON FISHERIES. {Illustrated.) By C. E. Fryer. 
Assistant Inspector of Salmon Fisheries, Home Office. 

SEA MONSTERS UNMASKED. {Illustrated) By Henry Lee, 

F I S 

THE ANGLING CLUBS AND PRESERVATION SO- 

CIETIES OF LONDON AND THE PROVINCES. ByJ. P. Wheeldon, 
late Angling Editor of "Bell's Life." 

INDIAN FISH AND FISHING. {Illustrated.) By Francis 
Day, F.L.S., Commissioner for India to International Fisheries Exhibition. 

IN THE PRESS. 

THE HISTORY OF FISHING FROM THE EARLIEST 

TIMES. By W. M. Adams, M.A. (Oxon.), late Fellovi^ of New College. 
FISH CULTURE. {Illustrated.) By Francis Day, F.L.S., Com- 
missioner for India to International Fisheries Exhibitioiu 
FISH AS DIET. By W. Stephen Mitchell, M.A. (Cantab.) 
ANGLING IN GREAT BRITAIN. By William Senior (*' Red 

Spinner"). 

EDIBLE CRUSTACEA. By W. Saville Kent, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 

Author of Official Guidebooks to the Brighton, Manchester, and Westminster 
Aquaria. 

THE LITERATURE OF SEA AND RIVER FISHING. 

By John J. Manley, M.A. (Oxon.) 
SEA FABLES DISCLOSED. By Henry Lee, F.L.S. 
FOLK LORE OF FISHES: their Place in Fable, Fairy 

Tale, Myth, and Poetry. By Phil Robinson. 
THE OUTCOME OF THE EXHIBITION. By A. J. R. 

Trkndell, of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law, Literary Superintendent for 
the Fisheries Exhibition. 



LONDON : 
WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LP' 

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, & 13, C 

LONDON : PKINTBD BY WILUAH CLOWBS AMD SONS. UMITBO, STAMFOBO 



